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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Pipelines are the very effective method of to transport fluids across the distances The oil and gas industries have developed an effective world wide distribution network for both crude and refined products involving pipelines tankers barges trucks and rail transportation Pipelines are the very economical method of transportation and are most suited for movement across long distances for example over continents Pipeline structures are most vulnerable to several degradation including construction related defects aging related defects corrosion metal loss cracking stress etc or soon third party damage and weather environment related threats earthquakes various temperature conditions rough seas etc Accident related defects of oil and gas pipelines beyond causing heavy economic losses also cause a major environment hazard and a threat to life and therefore be prevented using efficient pipeline integrity management processes In order to protect these pipelines maintenance must be done and PIGS are one such maintenance tool During the 1940s pipelines in the United States America were mainly being pigged to remove paraffins to increase effectiveness in crude oil pipelines in order to maximize flow conditions 2 The pigging equipments utilized at that time were limited to a few applications while being very crude in nature
