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Understanding the molecular mechanism of engineered nanoparticles would help in the developing the new nanoparticles The immune activity of the nanoparticles may be attributed to following mechanisms 1 Depot effect 2 activation of the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 NLRP3 inflammasome 3 delivery of antigens to draining lymph nodes 4 pattern presenting receptor PPR dependent immune activation 5 repetitive antigen presentation T cell differentiation However often it's difficult to isolate one mechanism as each nanoparticle might act as adjuvant using multiple mechanisms 2 4 1 Depot affect The nanoparticles can persist at the site of injection for long period of time thus enhancing the immune response this effect is called as Depot effect Zhang et al42 studied the persistence of the soluble antigen OVA antigen loaded PLGA nanoparticles antigen and nanoparticles physical mixtures and the combination of antigen loaded and physically mixed nanoparticles The showed that the OVA loaded PLGA had highest depot effect as compared to the soluble protein They further relate it to the immune response and suggested that the high immune response in the PLGA loaded nanoparticles as compared to soluble OVA was a result of the depot effect Figure 2 3 Depot formation of encapsulated OVA when OVA was encapsulated in PLGA Reproduced with permission from reference 42 42 2 4 2 Delivery of the antigens into the draining lymph node
