Essay Example on Application of mTOR with resistance Mechanistic target of Rapamycin

Kristiansen S 1998 Sacolemmal Glucose Transport and GLUT4 Translocation During Exercise are Diminished by Endurance Training American Physiological Society 274 1 E89 95 doi https doi org 10 1152 ajpendo 1998 274 1 E89 6 Song Z Moore D R Hodon N Ward C Dent J R O Leary M F Shaw A M Hamilton D L Sarkar S Gangloff Y Hornberger T A Spriet L L Heigenhauser G J Philp A 2017 Resistance Exercise Initiates Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin mTOR Translocation and Protein Complex Co localization in Human Skeletal Muscle Scientific Reports 1 5028 doi 10 1038 s41598 017 05483 x 7 Yang N J Himmer M J 2015 Getting Across the Cell Membrane An overview for Small molecules Peptides and Proteins HHS Public Access Author Manuscripts 1226 29 53 doi 10 1007 978 1 4939 2272 7_3 Translocation of GLUT 4 and mTOR during anaerobic exercise Kevin Kim Translocation 

Translocation is the movement of substances across a cell membrane Typically due to stress or necessity substances need to move across a cell membrane in order to achieve homeostasis Yang et al 2015 There are three different types of translocation that each do something differently Diffusion is when molecules passively move from a high concentration to a lower concentration until homeostasis occurs This process does not require energy Yang et al 2015 Osmosis is similar to diffusion but both solvents and solutes move from a high to low concentration Active transport moves molecules from low to high concentration This requires energy therefore ATP needs to be supplied Relation of GLUT 4 translocation and ATP GLUT 4 is a glucose transporter that is insulin regulated in cells such as adipose tissue and skeletal muscle cells and allows the transport of glucose across a plasma membrane GLUT 4 facilitates and maintains control of blood glucose levels Lehnen et al 2012 This is a form of diffusion where glucose passively moves from storage high concentration to a low concentrated area to increase glucose levels in the working cell It is important to have glucose in a low concentration area because glucose molecules create ATP and ATP is needed for muscle contraction Anaerobic exercise

 During aerobic exercise there are short term energy sources that use ATP creatine phosphate and glycolysis The transport of GLUT 4 occurs in both energy systems During maximal work insulin is spiked and fast twitch muscle fibers are recruited This type of work is not sustainable and can only be doing this type of work for zero seconds until two minutes depended on the energy system used and built up lactic acid Richter et al 1998 Application with diabetes Due to the importance of GLUT 4 regular physical activity leads to adaptation in skeletal muscle to efficiently recruit ATP increases GLUT 4 protein expression and increase mitochondria activity Messina et al 2015 Regular moderate to high intense physical activity is associated with a significant reduction of risk for type II diabetes even when weight loss is not achieved Messina et al 2015 For those with type II diabetes as little as 7 5 minutes of high intensity exercise per week is a time efficient exercise strategy that helps control blood glucose levels Adams 2013 It was shown that with high intensity exercise blood glucose decreased from midnight to 6 AM following the exercise the previous morning Adams 2013 Within a single session postprandial blood glucose has improved During a 2 week program there was an average of 13 reduction of blood glucose during the 48 to 72 hour mark after exercise and an increase of 369 for GLUT 4 protein expression Adams 2013