It is argued that a significant part of the desistance process is the practitioner servicer user alliance Building a trustworthy strong and meaningful relationship is said to be the basis for working towards behaviour change McNeil 2005 pp 221 222 Therefore in order to facilitate change one most explore how motivated the service user is to change and what techniques are needed in order to support the process This essay will outline what constitutes a valuable relationship the approaches to sustaining such relationship defining what the purpose is more maintaining working relationships as well as cross examining the above to whether is does in fact contribute to behaviour change The attitude that nothing works is no longer Since the early 1990's through literature reviews and meta analyses what supports effective practice is the debate around What Works Trotter 1994 pp 25 26
The idea that interventions are a factor towards recidivism rates confirms the idea that we should embrace rehabilitation the relationship that an offender has with their supervising officer is one of the most significant aspects of their supervision and this has been described as a powerful vehicle for changing behavior and reducing reoffending Barry 2000 Rex 1999 Ministry of Justice 2012 In discussing what constitutes a valuable relationship in order to achieve this we need to explore what is needed from the very outset Knight 2014 emphasised that acknowledging ones feelings the feelings of others and the effects these may have is important for any working relationship this is defined as having emotional literacy Canton Dominey 2017 pp 135 142 It is argued that service users mostly experience dysfunctional feelings such as anger resentment etc therefore this can often interfere with the process of change Developing emotional literacy does however have its implications Practitioner s emotions or feelings can inhibit the alliance if for instance these were to be expressed in practice
As a result a practitioner must ensure that they are conscious and able to respond appropriately as this may hinder an effective working relationship Killick 2006 in Knight 2004 pp 8 9 An important technique that is used to motivate change is what is commonly spoken about throughout literature as the skill of pro social modelling Cherry 2010 argued that pro social modelling refers to practitioners modelling pro social values through their interactions with service users These are skills such as a practitioner maintaining legitimacy modelling and reinforcing pro social behaviour as well as appropriately challenging pro criminal actions being responsivity through the notion of treating all service users as individuals in line with their individual learning needs and through motivation of working through problems developing discrepancies etc Cherry 2010 pp 12 13 It is argued that the quality of the practitioner and service user relationship relies on this implementation of this tool as evidence suggests from Trotter 1996 studies that this approach works through the emphasis on encouragement rather than discouragement Raynor pp 217 218 However the implications of sustaining a pro social approach may not always apply throughout practice For instance knowing how much praise and to what level can be sometimes cause difficulties as it could be argued that this may come across as patronising leading to demotivation Another important style that is used throughout practice is motivational interviewing
Motivational interviewing is employed by conversations that persuade a service user into talking themselves into being committed to change by strengthening their own motivation Miller and Rollnick 2013 pp 385 391 In order to do this effectively the service user must feel comfortable with the practitioner and have the desire to change The implication for this approach is that it can often demotivate a service use if they have failed to begin behaviour change at the very onset It is suggested if a service user is fixated on the fact they are either not ready for change or that they have not yet acknowledged that there is need for change these thoughts must be challenged through amplifying their ambivalence I need to change but I don't want to Clark 2006 pp 39 41 If this is the case the notion of positive talk and actively listening is essential to enable the practitioner to determine whether the service users values conflict current behaviour this is called discrepancy Clark 2006 pp 40 41 If behaviour change is to occur a practitioner must determine whether the discrepancy suggests a desire to change and if this is the case
approaching this by motivational interview should attempt to highlight this desire allowing for behaviour change Another key aspect is expressing empathy the process of making the effort to put yourself in someone else's shoes Knight 2014 pp 113 114 Miller and Rollnick 1991 suggested that if you are not listening reflectively but enforcing judgment through imposes direction and judgment this will in time create barriers that hinder the fluidness of an effective relationship As a result it is likely that the service user will respond by closing up eliminating effective engagement Miller 1999 pp 41 43 It is suggested that if a practitioner is able to break down the barriers through maintaining personal boundaries as well as sharing mutual interests and trust this may be more beneficial to the relationship and reinforce behaviour change Knight 2014 pp 116
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